Name: 
 

Studyguide Ch7 and 8


Modified True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
 

 1. 
The term for smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical identity of the element is molecule. _________________________

 

 2. 
The temperature scale on which the freezing point of water is 32 degrees and boiling point of water is 212 degrees is the Fahrenheit scale. _________________________

 

 3. 
Matter that holds its shape and does not flow is in its liquid phase. _________________________

 

 4. 
The sum of all the kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules of a body is called its thermal energy. _________________________

 

 5. 
The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 Celsius degree of temperature is the British thermal unit. _________________________

 

 6. 
Heat may be transferred between areas of a fluid due to density differences between one area and another. The movement of heat throughout the fluid by this means is called conduction. _________________________

 

 7. 
Heat is transferred from the sun to Earth by thermal conduction. _________________________

 

 8. 
Heat transfer by convection may NOT take place through a vacuum. _________________________

 

 9. 
Materials that conduct heat poorly are called thermal conductors. _________________________

 

 10. 
“The weight of an object immersed in a fluid will be reduced by the weight of the fluid displaced by the object” is a statement of Bernoulli’s principle. _________________________

 

 11. 
The property of a fluid that indicates the amount of friction within a fluid is pressure. _________________________

 

 12. 
“As the pressure on a fluid increases, the volume of the fluid decreases.” This is a statement of Charles’ law. _________________________

 

 13. 
Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible, can be given as minus 273ºC. _________________________

 

 14. 
The most abundant gas in Earth’s atmosphere is oxygen. _________________________

 

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 15. 
A substance with the same composition throughout containing two or more different kinds of elements chemically joined is known as a(n):
a.
atom.
b.
mixture.
c.
compound.
d.
element.
 

 16. 
The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical identity of the element is a(n):
a.
compound.
b.
atom.
c.
molecule.
d.
mixture.
 

 17. 
A single atom has a diameter of about ____ meters:
a.
1 ´ 1010
b.
1 ´ 100
c.
1 ´ 10-10
d.
1 ´ 10-1000
 

 18. 
Of the following, the one that would be considered a mixture is:
a.
fruit salad.
b.
oxygen gas.
c.
table salt (sodium chloride).
d.
distilled water.
 

 19. 
The average random kinetic energy of atoms or molecules within an object is a measure of the object’s:
a.
heat.
b.
temperature.
c.
thermal energy.
d.
specific heat.
 

 20. 
The temperature at which molecules in a substance have the lowest amount of energy possible is:
a.
0ºC
b.
273ºC
c.
-300ºF
d.
0 K
 

 21. 
Intermolecular forces between molecules of a substance are strongest when the material is a:
a.
solid.
b.
liquid.
c.
gas.
d.
plasma.
 

 22. 
A temperature of 11ºC is equivalent to:
a.
11ºF.
b.
11 K.
c.
284ºF.
d.
284 K.
 

 23. 
A temperature of 54ºF measures a temperature of about:
a.
12ºC.
b.
12 K.
c.
327 K.
d.
-219 K.
 

 24. 
A temperature of 87 K is nearly equivalent to:
a.
87ºF.
b.
360ºF.
c.
360ºC.
d.
-303ºF.
 

 25. 
The smallest change of temperature is represented by:
a.
one Celsius degree.
b.
one Kelvin.
c.
one Fahrenheit degree.
d.
either one Kelvin or one Celsius degree.
 

 26. 
The property that describes the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance 1ºC is its:
a.
thermal conductivity.
b.
specific heat.
c.
temperature variation.
d.
thermal energy.
 

 27. 
According to the chart below, the material requiring the most energy to raise its temperature from 20ºC to 40ºC is:

Material
Specific heat (J/kgºC)
water
4,184
aluminum
900
steel
470
silver
235
oil
1,900
concrete
880
glass
800
gold
129
wood
2,500
a.
water.
b.
gold.
c.
oil.
d.
wood.
 

 28. 
The flow of thermal energy is called:
a.
temperature.
b.
specific heat.
c.
heat.
d.
thermal equilibrium.
 

 29. 
The sum of all the kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules measures the object’s:
a.
specific heat.
b.
temperature.
c.
thermal energy.
d.
thermal conductivity.
 

 30. 
Of the following, the greatest amount of thermal energy would be contained in:
a.
an ice cube.
b.
a room full of air at 100ºC.
c.
a cup of hot chocolate.
d.
the North Atlantic Ocean.
 

 31. 
The largest unit for measuring heat is the:
a.
Celsius degree.
b.
Fahrenheit degree.
c.
British thermal unit.
d.
calorie.
 

 32. 
The specific heat of steel is 470 J/kgºC. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1.4 kilograms of steel from 12ºC to 20ºC is about ____ joules.
a.
658
b.
5,260
c.
7,900
d.
13,200
 

 33. 
The specific heat of oil is 1,900 J/kgºC. If 12,000 joules of heat is added to 2 kilograms of oil at 30ºC its temperature will become ____ºC.
a.
0.11
b.
3.2
c.
33.2
d.
95
 

 34. 
The graph represents the temperature changes that occur as a gas changes from a temperature of 200ºC to a solid at 20ºC:
ch7and8_files/i0360000.jpg
If the 1.0-kilogram sample of gas loses heat at a constant rate of 2.0 joules per minute, the phase of the substance with the highest specific heat is:
a.
solid.
b.
liquid.
c.
gas.
d.
Cannot be determined from the graph
 

 35. 
Air spaces between the feathers of a down-filled coat cause the coat to be a good thermal:
a.
convector.
b.
conductor.
c.
radiator.
d.
insulator.
 

 36. 
In nature, heat will always flow from a:
a.
cold object to the warm object.
b.
small object to the large object.
c.
warm object to the cold object.
d.
large object to the small object.
 

 37. 
Heat energy from the sun is transferred to Earth by:
a.
radiation.
b.
conduction.
c.
convection.
d.
insulation.
 

 38. 
Holding your hand above the flame of a candle, you will receive the most heat by means of:
a.
radiation.
b.
conduction.
c.
convection.
d.
insulation.
 

 39. 
Materials that absorb radiation most effectively are also the best emitters of radiation. A wood stove for providing heat in a home will be most effective if it is:
a.
white.
b.
black.
c.
silver.
d.
red.
 

 40. 
The difference you feel when holding metallic and foam containers filled with hot liquid is caused mostly by the difference in the containers’ thermal:
a.
radiation.
b.
conductivity.
c.
convection.
d.
energy.
 

 41. 
Properties that can be seen through direct observation are called:
a.
physical properties.
b.
chemical properties.
c.
chemical reactions.
d.
chemical equations.
 

 42. 
An example of a chemical property is the:
a.
rough texture of sandpaper when touched.
b.
tendency of water to exist as a solid at temperatures below 0ºC.
c.
color of a lemon.
d.
reaction of iron in the presence of oxygen.
 

 43. 
Change that is easily reversible is classified as ____ change.
a.
chemical
b.
nuclear
c.
physical
d.
atomic
 

 44. 
Density is calculated as:
a.
mass times volume.
b.
mass divided by volume.
c.
volume divided by mass.
d.
mass plus volume.
 

 45. 
Density may be measured in units of:
a.
kilograms ´ meters.
b.
kilograms ÷ meters.
c.
kilograms ´ cubic meters.
d.
kilograms ÷ cubic meters.
 

 46. 
The density of a material is dependent upon:
a.
the mass of individual atoms of the material.
b.
how the molecules of the material are “packed.”
c.
BOTH the mass of the atoms and the “packing” of the molecules.
d.
the product of the individual atomic masses and the space between molecules.
 

 47. 
Examples of amorphous solids include all of the following EXCEPT:
a.
salt.
b.
rubber.
c.
wax.
d.
glass.
 

 48. 
The ratio of the force acting through a material and the cross-section area through which the force is carried is known as:
a.
strength.
b.
stress.
c.
strain.
d.
stretch.
 

 49. 
The metric unit for stress is the:
a.
newton.
b.
kilogram.
c.
pascal.
d.
square meter.
 

 50. 
The amount of stress a material can withstand when stretched or subjected to tension is called:
a.
elasticity.
b.
brittleness.
c.
tensile strength.
d.
deformation.
 

 51. 
The ability to be deformed and return to the original size and shape is called:
a.
elasticity.
b.
flexibility.
c.
brittleness.
d.
tensile strength.
 

 52. 
Examples of physical changes include all of the following EXCEPT:
a.
bending a metal bar.
b.
melting ice.
c.
dissolving sugar in water.
d.
burning a match.
 

 53. 
Referring to the chart below, the two objects or materials that have the same density are:

Material
Density (kg/m3)
Platinum
21,500
Lead
11,300
Steel
7,800
Titanium
4,500
Aluminum
2,700
Glass
2,700
Granite
2,600
Concrete
2,300
Plastic
2,000
Rubber
1,200
Liquid water
1,000
Ice
920
Oak (wood)
600
Pine (wood)
440
Cork
120
Air (avg. room)
0.9
a.
450 grams of water and 100 grams of titanium.
b.
200 grams of plastic golf tees and a plastic cube 10.0 cm on an edge.
c.
10.0 grams of rubber stoppers and 20.0 cubic centimeters of oak wood.
d.
1.00 cubic meters of concrete and 0.88 cubic meters of a granite statue.
 

 54. 
A titanium tube in a bicycle frame has a cross-section area of 1.00 ´ 10-4 square meters. How much force would be required to break the tube if the rider “crashes” the bike?
(tensile strength = 900 ´ 106 pascals)
a.
1.11 ´ 10-13 newtons.
b.
9 ´ 104 newtons.
c.
9 ´ 106 newtons.
d.
9 ´ 1010 newtons.
 

 55. 
A beachball floating in a swimming pool has a mass of 0.30 kilograms and a volume of 0.15 cubic meters. The density of the floating ball is ____ kg/m3.
a.
0.045
b.
0.45
c.
0.50
d.
2.0
 

 56. 
The density of air is 0.9 kg/m3. When a balloon is inflated with air, it has a volume of 0.27 cubic meters. The mass of the air used to fill the balloon is about ____ kilogram(s).
a.
0.2
b.
0.3.
c.
1
d.
3
 

 57. 
The density of a diamond is 3,500 kg/m3. If a diamond with a mass of 2 grams is dropped into a graduated cylinder containing water, the water level in the graduated cylinder will rise ____ cubic centimeters.
a.
0.57
b.
1.75
c.
3.50
d.
7.00
 

 58. 
A 40-meter long steel beam in bridge has coefficient of expansion of 1.2 ´ 10-5 per Celsius degree. On a summer day, the temperature changes from 10ºC to 25ºC. The length of the beam will increase by ____ meters.
a.
0.00018
b.
0.00048
c.
0.0072
d.
40
 

 59. 
All of the following statements concerning fluid pressure are correct EXCEPT:
a.
pressure exerts force on any surface touching a fluid.
b.
energy and pressure are not related.
c.
pressure is derived from the collisions between atoms and molecules.
d.
differences in pressure create potential energy.
 

 60. 
A scientific principle states that an upward force is exerted on an object in a fluid equal to the weight of the fluid pushed aside by the object. The scientist credited for first recognizing this principle is:
a.
Archimedes.
b.
Bernoulli.
c.
Newton.
d.
Galileo.
 

 61. 
The difficulty with which a fluid may be poured from a container is a measure of its:
a.
tensile strength.
b.
density.
c.
viscosity.
d.
mass.
 

 62. 
The measure of the upward force applied by a fluid on an object is called:
a.
density.
b.
buoyancy.
c.
weight.
d.
volume.
 

 63. 
Characteristics that are typical of most fluids include all of the following EXCEPT fluids:
a.
are more dense than their solid phase.
b.
are less rigidly organized than their solid phase.
c.
exist at higher temperatures than their solid phase.
d.
flow when a force is applied.
 

 64. 
Water is not typical of most substances in its solid phase because:
a.
it exists at lower temperature than its liquid phase.
b.
molecules are more organized than its liquid phase.
c.
it is less dense than its liquid phase.
d.
it has a crystalline structure.
 

 65. 
An object has a weight of 2.5 newtons when suspended by a string attached to a spring scale.When the object, still suspended from the string, is held in a container of water without touching the sides or bottom of the container, the weight is 1.5 newtons. The buoyant force of the water is ____ newton(s).
a.
1.0
b.
1.7
c.
3.8
d.
4.0
 

 66. 
All of the following statements about fluid pressure are correct EXCEPT fluid pressure:
a.
is measured in pascals.
b.
is the force per unit area.
c.
is transmitted in all directions.
d.
in a container decreases with the depth of the fluid.
 

 67. 
Of the fluid characteristics named below, the one with the smallest overall effect on the energy of a fluid moving along a stream line is:
a.
temperature.
b.
height.
c.
speed.
d.
pressure.
 

 68. 
The density of water is 1,000 kg/m3. An object with a volume of 0.1 cubic meters submerged in water experiences a buoyant force of ____ newtons.
a.
100
b.
980
c.
1,000
d.
9,800
 

 69. 
The density of water is 1,000 kgm/m3. The pressure at the bottom of a swimming pool of water 2.50 meters deep is ____ N/m2.
a.
400
b.
2,500
c.
9,800
d.
24,500
 

 70. 
Tire pressure in an automobile tire is typically 210,000 N/m2. How much tire area must be in contact with road to support a 2000-kilogram vehicle?
a.
0.0095 square meters
b.
0.093 square meters
c.
10.7 square meters
d.
105 square meters
 

 71. 
The gas that appears in greatest quantity in the atmosphere of Earth is:
a.
argon.
b.
carbon dioxide.
c.
nitrogen.
d.
oxygen.
 

 72. 
“The volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature” is a statement of ____ law.
a.
Boyle’s
b.
Charles’
c.
Guy-Lussac’s
d.
Kelvin’s
 

 73. 
In the 200-cubic centimeter chamber of a bicycle pump the pressure is 104 kilopascals. As the handle is pushed down on the pump, the volume is reduced to 50 cubic centimeters. The pressure in the chamber of the pump is ____ kilopascals.
a.
26
b.
52
c.
208
d.
416
 

 74. 
A balloon is filled with 500 cubic centimeters of air at 27ºC. To what temperature must the air be changed to reduce the volume of the balloon to 250 cubic centimeters?
a.
13.5ºC
b.
54ºC
c.
-123ºC
d.
150ºC
 

Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
 

 75. 
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means is known as a(n) ____________________.
 

 

 76. 
A substance that contains two or more different elements chemically joined with the same composition throughout is a ____________________.
 

 

 77. 
A certain brand of cough syrup contains carmel, citric acid, FD&C red #40, flavoring, glucose, glycerine, high fructose corn syrup, purified water, saccharin sodium and sodium benzoate. It is considered to be a ____________________.
 

 

 78. 
The measure of the random kinetic energy of the atoms in an object is called _____________________.
 

 

 79. 
The temperature at which molecules have their lowest possible energy is known as ____________________ (two words).
 

 

 80. 
The temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid is called its ____________________ point.
 

 

 81. 
The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are two commonly used temperature scales. Of these two scales, the one whose degree represents the greatest change in temperature is the ____________________ scale.
 

 

 82. 
The property of a substance that describes the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of the substance one Celsius degree is the ____________________ (two words).
 

 

 83. 
Heat is transferred to Earth from the sun by means of thermal ____________________.
 

 

 84. 
Properties that can be observed only when one substance is changed into another are called ____________________ properties.
 

 

 85. 
The ratio of mass to volume is known as ____________________.
 

 

 86. 
A solid whose particles are arranged in a random way is said to a(n) ____________________ solid.
 

 

 87. 
A measure of the stress due to pulling or tension that a material can withstand before breaking is called ____________________. (two words)
 

 

 88. 
The tendency of a solid to break or crack when a force is applied is called ____________________.
 

 

 89. 
A number used to express the change in the length of a material caused by a change in temperature of the material is known as the ________________________________________. (four words)
 

 

 90. 
A measure of the upward force a fluid exerts on an immersed body is ____________________.
 

 

 91. 
The metric unit used for measuring pressure is the ____________________.
 

 

 92. 
The total energy for a particular fluid remains constant along a streamline. This variation of the law of conservation of energy is also known as ____________________ principle.
 

 

Short Answer
 

 93. 
List three physical properties that thermometers use to detect temperatures.
 

 94. 
The graph of temperature versus time represents the changes in the temperature of a sample of gas as it is cooled at a constant rate. What changes in the substance are occurring during the intervals from time 6 minutes to 14 minutes and from time 30 minutes to 34 minutes?
ch7and8_files/i0980000.jpg
 

 95. 
Name the two physical properties that determine the amount of thermal energy in a material whose specific heat is known.
 

 96. 
Name three units commonly used for measuring heat energy. Arrange them in order from smallest to largest unit.
 

 97. 
Heat may be transferred by conduction, convection and radiation. By which method is it transferred most rapidly?
 

 98. 
Explain in one sentence how thermal equilibrium may be established by heat flow between two objects of different temperature.
 

 99. 
A thermos, a two-layered bottle, is effective in maintaining the temperature of a substance inside because a vacuum is maintained between the inside bottle and the outside container. Name the type of heat transfer the thermos is LEAST effective in preventing.
 

 100. 
In general, how do the densities of solids, liquids, and gases compare?
 

 101. 
Name three factors that determine the viscosity of a fluid.
 

 102. 
A cork with a volume of 500 cubic centimeters and a mass of 60 grams is floating in water. What is the weight of the water displaced by the cork?
 

 103. 
If the temperature of a gas is held constant, what would happen to the volume of a gas if the pressure on the gas is increased to three times the original amount?
 

 104. 
Describe the effect of increasing the temperature of a gas on the pressure exerted by the gas when a constant volume is maintained.
 

Problem
 

 105. 
The average body temperature for a human body is 98.6°C. Calculate the equivalent temperature on the Celsius scale.
 

 106. 
Room temperature is given as 20ºC. What is this temperature given in Kelvins?
 

 107. 
Convert the temperature of 233 K to the equivalent in Fahrenheit degrees.
 

 108. 
The specific heat of concrete is 880 J/kgºC). How much heat energy from the sun would be needed to raise the temperature of a 1,500-kilogram block on a concrete sidewalk from 0ºC to 20ºC?
 

 109. 
A 0.22-kilogram block of aluminum with a temperature of 320ºC is added to 1.0-kilogram of water with a temperature of 5ºC. Assuming no heat is lost to the air, what is the final temperature of the aluminum block?
HINTS:
You can use the equation: Energy gained by the water = Energy lost by the aluminum
Specific heat of water = 4,184 J/kgºC
Specific heat of aluminum = 900 J/kgºC
 

 110. 
Calculate the volume of a small iceberg with a mass of 200,000 kilograms.
(density of ice = 920 kg/m3)
 

 111. 
Calculate the cross-section area needed using an oak beam to support a 10,000-kilogram mass.
(tensile strength of oak = 95 ´ 106 pascals)
 

 112. 
A stone that weighs 6.5 newtons in air weighs only 5.0 newtons when submerged in water. What is the buoyant force exerted on the rock by the water?
 

 113. 
Calculate the pressure at the bottom of a water-filled aquarium that is 0.40 meters deep.
(density of water = 1000 kg/m3)
 

 114. 
Rita opened a 500 cubic centimeter bottle of water and drank half of it, leaving 250 cubic centimeters of air space at the top of the bottle. When she left the bottle with the cap in her car, the temperature was 20ºC. When she came back to her car later in the day the temperature had risen to 40ºC. What is the pressure of the air in the bottle?
 

Essay
 

 115. 
List and describe the four phases of matter. Give a common example of each.
 

 116. 
As water is heated from -20ºC to 20ºC, there is a period of time during which the temperature does not rise. Identify the process occurring while the temperature is not rising and explain why the temperature does not rise.
 

 117. 
On a sunny day, why does the water of the ocean seem cool and the sand on the beach feel hot, yet in the evening the water feels warm and the sand cool?
 

 118. 
Explain why the specific heat of a dense material like gold is lower than the specific heat of a less dense material like aluminum.
 

 119. 
Jill and Sarah sit down together to enjoy a cup of cocoa with marshmallows. Sarah stirs her marshmallows in with a spoon made of gold. Jill stirs her cocoa using a stainless steel spoon. Sarah complains that her gold spoon is too hot to touch. Jill does not agree and thinks that Sarah is being whiney. Using your knowledge of physics, offer an excuse for Sarah.

Specific heat of gold = 129 J/kgºC
Specific heat of stainless steel = 470 J/kgºC
 

 120. 
On a warmer-than-average winter day, Tom is supposed to shovel snow from the sidewalk. Instead, he spreads black ashes from the wood stove on the snow. He claims this will clear the snow from the sidewalk. Explain why Tom may be correct.
 

 121. 
Two metal chairs are located outside on a cold winter day. The temperature of both chairs are measured to be 15ºF. The seat of one chair is covered with a layer of styrofoam. The seat of the other is not. Explain why the seat without the styrofoam layer feels colder to sit on.
 

 122. 
Explain why the ability to withstand an applied force is not enough to describe the strength of a material.
 

 123. 
Jim and his friend Bill are building a small pond on their farm by piling rocks across the channel of a stream to make a dam. If they have difficulty lifting a rock out of the water to move it to the dam, they carry the rock more easily by keeping it under the surface of the water. Explain why this works.
 

 124. 
Describe how Newton’s third law is related to fluid pressure.
 

 125. 
The density of steel is 7800 kg/m3. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3. Explain how steel ships are made to float in water.
 

 126. 
While pumping up the tire of her bicycle, Kortney feels the tire and finds it warmer to touch. What is the most likely cause for the increase in the temperature of the tire?
 



 
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